The Physical Layer

AI and energy infrastructure, explained plainly.

Companies

Samsung

On the map: Memory · Chips and the factories that make them

Named in 2 pieces. Each entry below is that piece's own description of what the company makes, from its exposure map.

  1. The memory makers

    SK Hynix, Samsung and Micron make HBM, the stacked memory beside AI chips.

    Memory, not maths, sets the pace of AI, so the biggest buyer now designs it · 31 October 2026

  2. Memory and storage

    Micron, SK Hynix and Samsung make HBM. Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba make hard drives.

    The chip supply chain's slow parts are sold years before they are made · 14 July 2026

This maps who operates in each layer. It is not a recommendation, and naming a company is not a view on its shares. Personal research, not investment advice.